Millia
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Milia: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatment Options
Milia are tiny, white or yellowish bumps that commonly appear on the skin, especially the face, around the eyes, cheeks, nose, and forehead. These small cysts form when keratin—a protein found in skin, hair, and nails—becomes trapped beneath the skin’s surface. While milia are generally harmless and painless, they can be aesthetically bothersome and may persist for weeks, months, or even years if not treated. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options is key to effectively managing milia and achieving smooth, healthy skin.
Causes of Milia
Milia occur when keratin is trapped beneath the outer layer of skin, forming small, hard cysts. Several factors can contribute to their development:
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Primary Milia (Spontaneous):
These appear naturally, often in newborns, due to immature skin. They typically resolve on their own within a few weeks. -
Secondary Milia:
These develop as a result of skin damage caused by burns, blistering, trauma, or long-term use of heavy skincare products that clog pores. -
Skin Care and Cosmetic Products:
Using thick creams, oil-based products, or heavy makeup can block pores, trapping keratin and leading to milia formation. -
Sun Damage:
Excessive sun exposure can thicken the skin and contribute to the development of milia, especially around the eyes and cheeks. -
Medical Conditions and Genetics:
Rarely, milia may be associated with genetic disorders or certain skin conditions such as blistering diseases or conditions affecting the sweat glands.
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Types of Milia
Milia can be classified based on their location and underlying cause:
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Neonatal Milia:
Very common in newborns, these small white bumps appear on the nose, cheeks, and forehead. They usually disappear without treatment within a few weeks. -
Primary Adult Milia:
Occur spontaneously in adults, often around the eyes or cheeks. -
Secondary Milia:
Develop after skin trauma, burns, or use of certain medications. They are more persistent and may require treatment. -
Multiple Milia:
Sometimes milia can appear in clusters, especially after cosmetic procedures, chemical peels, or long-term use of steroid creams.
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Symptoms of Milia
Milia are primarily cosmetic in nature and rarely cause discomfort. Common symptoms include:
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Small, round, white or yellowish bumps on the skin
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Firm texture and tiny in size, usually 1–2 millimeters in diameter
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Commonly found on the face, around the eyes, cheeks, nose, and forehead
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Painless and not associated with itching or redness unless irritated
Treatment Options for Milia
Although milia often resolve on their own, persistent or large lesions may require treatment. Treatment options include:
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Professional Extraction:
Dermatologists can safely remove milia using a sterile needle or a small incision, followed by gentle extraction of the keratin-filled cyst. This method prevents scarring and recurrence. -
Topical Retinoids:
Retinoid creams promote cell turnover, helping prevent the formation of new milia and gradually reducing existing bumps. -
Chemical Peels:
Mild chemical peels using glycolic acid or salicylic acid exfoliate the skin, unclog pores, and improve skin texture, reducing milia formation. -
Laser Therapy:
For persistent or multiple milia, fractional laser or ablative laser treatments may be used to remove cysts and improve skin appearance. -
Cryotherapy:
Rarely used, cryotherapy involves freezing the milia with liquid nitrogen. It is generally reserved for stubborn cases.
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